Every question we get asked often enough to write down, collected in one place. 310 of them so far, each one linked back to the page it came from if you want the longer version.
Nothing matches that yet. Try another word, or ask us directly.
Fee-only. You pay us either as a percentage of the assets we manage for you, or a flat fee starting at $1,200 a year, whichever fits your situation. We walk you through the exact numbers before you commit to anything.
From Private Wealth
Our minimum is either $120,000 in assets under management or a $1,200 annual fee, whichever works better for you. We keep our household count deliberately limited so every client gets our full attention.
From Private Wealth
Beforehand, we’ll send over a few short questions so the time is about you, not paperwork. Then it’s a relaxed conversation with Nick or Shane. We listen, answer whatever’s on your mind, and figure out together whether it makes sense to keep going.
From Private Wealth
Yes. We work with YouTubers, streamers, podcasters, social creators, and content marketers on every platform, both full-time creators and people growing a following on the side. We are based in Columbus, Ohio and work with clients nationwide, virtually.
From Financial Planning for Content Creators and Influencers
Yes. Alongside full-time influencers and YouTubers, we work with content marketers, UGC creators, newsletter writers, and course sellers earning across the creator economy. If your income comes from content, brand partnerships, or your own digital products, the planning is a fit.
From Financial Planning for Content Creators and Influencers
Sometimes. An S-corp can cut self-employment tax once your profit is high enough to justify the payroll and filing costs, though it is not right for every creator. We run the actual numbers for your income and coordinate the setup with a CPA, so the decision comes from your real figures.
From Financial Planning for Content Creators and Influencers
Usually a Solo 401(k) or a SEP-IRA for larger contributions, plus a Roth IRA or a backdoor Roth if your income is over the limit, and an HSA if you qualify. In a high-income year you can shelter a significant amount, and we help you choose and fund the right mix.
From Financial Planning for Content Creators and Influencers
Start by separating the business from your personal life. We help you pay yourself a steady amount from a business account, automate a tax reserve, and keep a cash buffer, so a slow month stays calm and fully planned for.
From Financial Planning for Content Creators and Influencers
Yes. We serve clients nationwide and meet virtually. Because we are fee-only and fiduciary, the advice is the same wherever you are.
From Financial Planning for Content Creators and Influencers
Yes, it is one of the groups we work with most. Whether you sell medical devices, capital equipment, surgical products, or pharmaceuticals, and whether you are at a large medtech company or a smaller specialty firm, we understand base-plus-commission medical sales pay, equity comp, and frequent moves. We are in Columbus, Ohio and work with reps nationwide, virtually.
From Financial Planning for Medical Device and Pharmaceutical Sales Reps
The two big risks are concentration and taxes. We build a plan for when to sell and how vesting is taxed, and we diversify a large single-stock position on a schedule, so it is a deliberate, planned decision.
From Financial Planning for Medical Device and Pharmaceutical Sales Reps
It is a way to get far more into a Roth than the normal limits allow, using after-tax 401(k) contributions, available only if your plan supports it. We check your specific plan and, if it is there, help you use it.
From Financial Planning for Medical Device and Pharmaceutical Sales Reps
Usually consolidate them so nothing gets stranded or forgotten. We handle the rollovers and, just as important, check what equity or match you might forfeit before you leave, so the timing works in your favor.
From Financial Planning for Medical Device and Pharmaceutical Sales Reps
No. We serve clients nationwide and meet virtually. Fee-only and fiduciary means the advice is the same wherever your territory is.
From Financial Planning for Medical Device and Pharmaceutical Sales Reps
Yes, and the years just before you retire are often the most valuable time to plan. We work with people roughly 55 and up, in Columbus, across Ohio, and nationwide, to get the income, tax, and Social Security decisions right before they are locked in.
It depends on your health, your spouse, and your other income, and the difference between claiming at 62 and 70 can be large. We model your specific situation and coordinate the timing with your withdrawals and taxes, so it fits the whole plan.
We build a withdrawal plan that decides how much to take and from which accounts, in an order that keeps taxes low and your money lasting. You get a clear, reliable monthly paycheck you can plan around.
A Roth conversion moves money from a pre-tax account to a Roth and pays the tax now so it grows tax-free later. In lower-income years, often right after retiring, it can save a lot over time. We run the numbers to see whether and how much makes sense for you.
That is the question we answer first. We look at your spending, your savings, Social Security, and how long your money needs to last, and we stress-test it against down markets and a long life, so you get a real answer you can rely on.
No. We are in Columbus and work with retirees and pre-retirees nationwide, virtually. Fee-only and fiduciary means the advice is the same wherever you are.
Yes. We help Ohio public employees, teachers, and government workers understand their pension decisions across OPERS, STRS, and SERS, and build the rest of their plan around it. We are based in Columbus and work statewide.
The 2025 law repealed the WEP and GPO provisions that reduced Social Security for many public employees and their spouses. If you also earned Social Security, your benefit may be higher than before. We help you understand your specific situation and update your plan.
It depends on your health, your spouse, and your other income, and the choice is permanent. We model the single-life and survivor options against your full financial picture so the decision is made with everything in view.
It depends on your tax bracket now versus in retirement, and your pension is part of that math. We help you decide the mix and use these accounts to fill the gaps around your pension.
Sometimes it is one of the best moves available, and sometimes it is not worth the cost. We run the numbers on what the additional credit adds to your pension versus what it costs, so you can decide with real figures.
No. We are in Columbus and work with public employees across Ohio, virtually or in person. Fee-only and fiduciary means the advice is about you.
Four: leave it in the old plan, roll it into an IRA, move it to your new employer's plan, or cash it out. The right choice depends on your plan's fees and features, your other accounts, and your retirement plan. Cashing out is usually the most expensive because of taxes and penalties.
Often yes, because an IRA usually offers more investment choices, lower costs, and one place to manage the money, which makes retirement planning easier. A direct rollover avoids taxes. We compare it against your specific plan so the move actually helps you.
Not on a direct rollover, where the money moves straight from one account to another. You would owe taxes, and often a penalty, only if you cash out. We make sure the transfer is done as a direct rollover so nothing is taxed by accident.
In most cases nothing automatic, you can leave it, and you also have the option to roll it to an IRA or your new plan. It is a good moment to consolidate old accounts and lower fees. We handle the paperwork so nothing gets stranded.
Yes. Many people roll a 401(k) into an IRA at retirement so they can build a withdrawal and tax plan in one place. We help retirees make the move and then turn the account into steady income.
Yes. We are in Columbus and help people nationwide, virtually. Fee-only and fiduciary means our advice on your rollover is about you and never about selling a product.
There is no universal number. What matters is whether your savings, Social Security, and any pension can cover your spending for life. We compare what you will spend to what your money can safely produce and stress-test it, so you get a real answer for your situation.
It can be, for some people and not others, depending on your spending, your other income, and how long your money must last. We build your actual plan on your real numbers, so you know where you stand.
We calculate a sustainable withdrawal amount based on your savings, your other income, and your time horizon, then stress-test it against down markets and a long life. The goal is spending you can count on without running out.
Sometimes one more year changes the plan a lot, and sometimes very little. We model both so you can see exactly what the extra time is worth and decide with real numbers and a clear head.
That risk, called sequence of returns risk, is real, and we plan for it with a withdrawal strategy and a cash cushion that let your plan survive an early downturn. We stress-test for exactly this.
Yes. We are in Columbus and work with people nationwide, virtually. Fee-only and fiduciary means the answer we give you is about you.
Probably, yeah. If you're doing it to make money and it's bringing money in, the IRS treats it as a business, and $400 or more in net earnings means you owe self-employment tax. A true hobby gets taxed differently and can't write off losses the same way. If you're not sure which side of the line you're on, that's worth a real conversation, because it changes a lot.
Start with 25% to 30% off the top of every payment, moved somewhere you won't touch it. Your real number depends on your total income, your state, and your deductions, so it's worth pinning down instead of guessing. Guessing low is how you end up like Maya in April.
They're taxes you send the IRS yourself, four times a year, roughly April, June, September, and January, since no employer is doing it for you. If you expect to owe $1,000 or more for the year, you're on the hook to make them.
Maybe. An entity can give you some liability protection and, once your income gets high enough, real tax savings. It also costs money and adds paperwork. It's a numbers decision, so make it with an advisor who's looked at your numbers, not off some video you saw.
This is the big one. You build it outside the business, on purpose, while the income is strong. Retirement accounts, taxable investments, a real cash reserve, maybe real estate down the road. Your personal balance sheet becomes the thing you're really building, and every good month is a chance to add to it.
A SEP-IRA is easy and lets you put away up to 25% of your net earnings (up to $72,000 in 2026). A Solo 401(k) can let you save even more at the same income. Which one fits comes down to how much you want to sock away and how steady your income is.
Only OPERS members who also qualify for a Social Security benefit, either on their own earnings record from other work or as a spouse or survivor. If you have no Social Security-covered earnings history and no spouse with one, WEP and GPO never applied to you and the repeal doesn't change your situation.
From What the Fairness Act Changed for Columbus Public Employees (OPERS, STRS, SERS)
The Social Security Fairness Act was signed into law on January 5, 2025. The repeal is retroactive to benefits payable for months starting January 2024, and most retroactive lump-sum payments were issued during 2025.
From What the Fairness Act Changed for Columbus Public Employees (OPERS, STRS, SERS)
If your Social Security statement or benefit letter ever referenced a reduction for a "non-covered pension," or if you were told a spousal or survivor benefit would be reduced or eliminated because of a pension like OPERS, STRS, or a similar public pension, you were likely affected. Request a current estimate directly from the Social Security Administration to see today's number.
From What the Fairness Act Changed for Columbus Public Employees (OPERS, STRS, SERS)
No. OPERS-covered wages are not subject to Social Security payroll tax. Contributions instead go directly into the OPERS pension system. This is the underlying reason WEP and GPO applied to OPERS members in the first place, and it hasn't changed. What changed is how Social Security treats other, separately covered earnings and spousal benefits.
From What the Fairness Act Changed for Columbus Public Employees (OPERS, STRS, SERS)
No. OPERS is the pension system itself. Ohio Deferred Compensation is a separate, optional 457(b) savings plan available to most Ohio public employees, similar in function to a 401(k), and it's meant to supplement the OPERS pension rather than replace it.
From What the Fairness Act Changed for Columbus Public Employees (OPERS, STRS, SERS)
Nothing automatically, if the balance is above $7,000. The money stays invested in the old plan until you act. Below $7,000 the plan may move it into an IRA of its choosing, and below $1,000 it may send you a check, which becomes taxable unless rolled over within 60 days.
From What Happens to Your 401(k) When You Leave a Job (And the Mistake That Costs the Most)
You owe ordinary income tax at your marginal rate plus a 10% early distribution penalty if you are under 59½, plus state income tax. For an Ohio resident in the 24% federal bracket, that totals roughly 37% of the balance. The plan must also withhold 20% federally before paying you.
From What Happens to Your 401(k) When You Leave a Job (And the Mistake That Costs the Most)
It depends on the fees and fund quality in each, your age, and your tax plans. An IRA offers wider investment choice and easier Roth conversion timing. An employer plan can offer cheaper institutional share classes, stronger federal creditor protection, and preserves the age 55 penalty exception. Compare both before moving.
From What Happens to Your 401(k) When You Leave a Job (And the Mistake That Costs the Most)
There is no deadline if the balance stays in the old plan and you later request a direct transfer. If a distribution is paid to you personally, you have 60 days to deposit the full amount, including the 20% withheld, into another retirement account.
From What Happens to Your 401(k) When You Leave a Job (And the Mistake That Costs the Most)
A transfer sent straight from your old plan to the receiving retirement account, without the check being made payable to you. It avoids the mandatory 20% withholding and the 60-day deadline entirely. Ask for a "direct rollover, trustee to trustee."
From What Happens to Your 401(k) When You Leave a Job (And the Mistake That Costs the Most)
Usually fear rather than math. Fear of running out, of getting it wrong, of the change itself. Most have never had someone walk them through what their own numbers actually support, so they self-diagnose from articles and comparisons to a parent who retired with a pension. Meanwhile health is the leading reason people end up retiring earlier than they planned anyway.
More places than most people picture. There's the pre-tax bucket of traditional IRAs and pre-tax 401(k)s, taxed on the way out. The tax-free bucket of Roth accounts, already taxed. And a taxable bucket like a brokerage or savings account, accessible any time. Social Security sits on top, sometimes alongside a pension, rental income, or a spouse still working. The plan is knowing which one to draw from first and what that does to the tax bill.
It's worth running the numbers before ruling it out. Marketplace coverage is priced on reported income, and once the paycheck stops you generally have far more control over what that income looks like than you did while working. Plenty of people set 65 as a hard floor purely on an assumption about cost.
A hard cutoff at the top of the marketplace subsidy eligibility range. One dollar of income above the line and the assistance disappears entirely rather than phasing out. The enhanced subsidies that ran from 2021 through 2025 have expired, which puts that cliff back in play, so income planning around the threshold matters. Check current-year figures before relying on any specific number.
No, and the middle setting gets overlooked. Leaving a stressful career and picking up something low-stakes that covers a slice of expenses, like teaching a class or consulting a few hours a week, changes the math considerably. It also cushions what is otherwise a very abrupt change.
A common framework is one to two years of planned portfolio withdrawals, not one to two years of total spending. If you expect to spend $90,000 a year and Social Security covers $40,000, the portfolio is covering the $50,000 gap, so a two-year reserve is $100,000. There's no universal number, and the right one depends on your other income sources and the rest of the plan.
Cash set aside specifically to fund planned retirement withdrawals once the paycheck stops. Giving near-term spending its own lane, often its own labeled account, keeps it from being just idle cash. It's money with a job.
No, and they should be separate. The income reserve covers expected withdrawals you've already planned for. The emergency fund covers the unexpected. Blending them makes it impossible to tell whether either one is sized correctly.
The risk of having to sell investments for income during a down market, which locks in losses at the worst time and does lasting damage to a portfolio early in retirement. A cash reserve helps because it lets you fund spending from cash and hold off on replenishing from the portfolio until markets recover.
It creates choice about where the next dollar comes from. Because the reserve can be refilled from a pre-tax account, a Roth, or a taxable account depending on what the tax picture looks like that year, you're not forced to sell from whichever account happens to be convenient. This is general education, not a recommendation for a specific situation.
Part A is hospital coverage, for inpatient stays, skilled nursing, home health, and hospice. Part B is medical coverage, for doctor visits, specialists, lab work, imaging, and preventive screenings. Together those two are called original Medicare. Part D covers prescription drugs, enacted in 2003 and effective from 2006. Part C, better known as Medicare Advantage, is a private plan that bundles those benefits together, often including drug coverage.
Not entirely. Most people pay no monthly premium for Part A because they paid Medicare payroll taxes while working, but Part B has a monthly premium, and Part D and Medigap have their own costs. Original Medicare also leaves deductibles and coinsurance that you either pay yourself or insure against with a Medigap policy.
IRMAA stands for income-related monthly adjustment amount. It's a surcharge that raises your Part B and Part D premiums once your income passes certain thresholds. Medicare looks back two years to decide, so your 2026 premiums are generally based on your 2024 tax return. That lag matters, because a bonus, a business sale, a property sale, or a large Roth conversion in your final working years can lift your premiums two years later.
Often yes, if you have active coverage through a current employer. Many people enroll in Part A anyway, since it usually costs nothing, and delay Part B until the employer coverage ends. The coverage has to be active employer coverage. COBRA and marketplace plans generally do not count the same way, and delaying without qualifying coverage triggers a penalty that raises your Part B premium by 10% for every year you waited, for as long as you have Part B.
No. Once you enroll in any part of Medicare, including Part A, HSA contributions have to stop. That's why someone still working at 65 who wants to keep funding an HSA may delay both Part A and Part B rather than just Part B.
If you don't have other creditable drug coverage, such as a retiree health plan, VA benefits, or TRICARE, and you delay Part D, Medicare can apply a late enrollment penalty that makes the coverage permanently more expensive. The rule exists so people can't skip drug coverage for years and then sign up only once they need costly medications.
It shifts how much weight the portfolio has to carry. In the example here, Jack needs $7,000 a month, and Social Security plus a pension deliver about $4,000 of it. That leaves roughly $3,000 a month for the portfolio to cover instead of the full amount, which changes both the withdrawal rate and how the portfolio gets positioned.
Income that arrives on a schedule and isn't tied to the market. A pension and Social Security both qualify: you paid into a system over your working years and receive a monthly payment on the other side. It shows up whether markets are up or down, which is what makes it useful as the floor under a plan.
It lowers how much you need to withdraw, which usually amounts to the same thing. Guidelines like the 4% rule describe the portfolio in isolation. When guaranteed sources cover half your spending, the portfolio is being asked to do far less, and the withdrawal rate reflects that.
There's no single right answer, and part of it is a comfort question rather than a math question. In the example here, stable sources covered just over half the income. Some people are fine with a lower floor and more coming from the portfolio, which is often the better math. Others sleep better with more mailbox money. The psychological side of that decision matters as much as the arithmetic.
Sometimes, and it's never all of it. Depending on how much other income sits next to your benefit, none, up to 50%, or up to 85% of it gets included as taxable income on your return. The 85% figure is the ceiling, so 100% of a Social Security benefit can never be taxed. Your check itself doesn't change either way, only how much of it appears on the return.
From How Social Security Is Taxed (And Why It Changes From Year to Year)
The separate calculation the IRS runs each year to decide how much of your benefit is taxable. It adds your other income, any tax-free interest such as municipal bond interest, and half of your Social Security benefit. That total is what gets measured against the thresholds.
From How Social Security Is Taxed (And Why It Changes From Year to Year)
For single filers, below $25,000 the benefit is generally not taxed. Between $25,000 and $34,000, up to 50% can be included. Above $34,000, up to 85% can be included. Married filing jointly uses higher thresholds, $32,000 and $44,000. Verify current figures before applying them to your own return.
From How Social Security Is Taxed (And Why It Changes From Year to Year)
They were set decades ago and were never indexed to inflation. Benefits rise with cost-of-living adjustments, interest income moves, balances grow, and required minimum distributions eventually start, but the thresholds sit still. More retirees cross into taxation every year without their lifestyle changing at all.
From How Social Security Is Taxed (And Why It Changes From Year to Year)
Because the answer depends on how much other income is crowding it. In a year where portfolio withdrawals are doing most of the work, those withdrawals are taxable income and push the inclusion rate toward the 85% maximum. In a later year when both spouses are claiming and Social Security covers more of the spending, portfolio withdrawals fall and the included share can drop to 50% or lower, even though the benefit itself is larger.
From How Social Security Is Taxed (And Why It Changes From Year to Year)
Not as a goal in itself. Required minimum distributions, Roth conversions, capital gains, and part-time work all raise the included share, and some of them are still worth doing. The point is coordinating them deliberately rather than letting the tax tail drive decisions that were never tax decisions.
From How Social Security Is Taxed (And Why It Changes From Year to Year)
There are two now. If you're 50 to 59, or 64 and older, you can add $8,000 to a 401(k) or 403(b). If you're 60 to 63, the larger super catch-up lets you add $11,250. Both are on top of the $24,500 base limit.
$7,500, up $500 from 2025, covering traditional and Roth IRAs combined. At 50 or older the catch-up adds $1,100, for a total of $8,600.
Direct Roth contributions begin phasing out once modified adjusted gross income reaches $153,000 for single filers and $242,000 for married couples filing jointly. Passing those numbers limits how much you can contribute directly, though other routes to Roth dollars may still be available depending on your situation.
$4,400 for self-only coverage and $8,750 for family coverage.
$32,200 for married couples filing jointly and $16,100 for single filers. The One Big Beautiful Bill Act also added temporary deductions for tips and overtime pay, plus a senior deduction of $6,000 per qualifying individual age 65 or older, so a married couple reaches $12,000 only if both spouses qualify. That one also phases out at higher incomes. These provisions are temporary, so they're worth reviewing with a CPA.
Sometimes yes, sometimes no. It depends on what you spend, when Social Security starts, how long the money has to last, and what you want the next chapter to look like. In the example in this video, a couple at 60 with a $1 million portfolio spending $8,000 a month ran out around age 88 if they retired immediately. The number alone answers nothing without the spending and the timeline attached to it.
The stretch between the day the paychecks stop and the day Social Security starts. In that window the portfolio carries the entire load, so those are the years that put the most strain on it. In the example here, a couple retiring at 60 faces roughly six years of full withdrawals before the first Social Security payment arrives.
More than most people expect, because it works on three levers at once. You add two more years of saving, you subtract two years of withdrawals, and you shorten the gap years. In the example here, that single change moved the couple from running out of money at 88 to still holding roughly $1.3 million at that same age.
A stress test that runs a plan through many different market sequences and reports the share of them in which the money lasted the full time horizon. A 60% probability of success means the portfolio was depleted early in 40% of the simulated runs. The practical reading matters as much as the number: a result below 100% signals that adjustments along the way are likely, and over a thirty-year retirement some adjustment is close to a certainty regardless.
A way of describing how retirement spending actually moves. Early retirement tends to be the most active and most expensive, spending settles in the middle stretch, and it usually falls again later. Plans often assume a flat inflation-adjusted number every year for simplicity, but real spending rarely behaves that way.
A common approach is to leave it out of the initial projection so you can see whether the portfolio stands on its own. The equity is still there as a lever to pull later, through downsizing or otherwise. Building the plan around it from day one makes the plan depend on a decision you may not want to make.
A rough order works well. Start with enough cash to cover a few months of expenses so a surprise doesn't become debt. Capture a 401(k) match next, since that's a return you can't get anywhere else. A Roth IRA often comes after that. Then a plain brokerage account for goals that arrive before 60.
Because you're likely in a lower tax bracket now than you'll be later. Paying the tax at today's rate and letting decades of growth come out tax-free is the trade. This is general education rather than advice for a particular situation.
Not usually. Earnings inside a retirement account generally aren't reachable without penalty until 59 and a half, which is a problem if you need money for a house, a business, or anything else that shows up first. Roth IRA contributions are an exception, since the amount you put in can come back out at any time without tax or penalty, though the earnings can't. Matching each dollar to when you'll actually need it matters more than maximizing any one account.
Probably not in the sense most people mean, though any fix depends on future legislation. The trust fund and the program are two different things. Social Security is funded mostly by payroll taxes collected from today's workers, and that revenue keeps coming in whether or not the trust fund has a balance. What's projected to run out, around 2033 or 2034 under the 2025 trustees report, is the reserve that has been covering the annual shortfall since 2021.
Ongoing payroll tax revenue would still cover roughly 80% of scheduled benefits. The shortfall is about 20%. On a $2,000 monthly benefit, that worst case lands nearer $1,600 than zero. Checks don't stop, the cushion that covers the gap is what disappears.
Yes. In the early 1980s the program was weeks from insolvency and the headlines read much the same. The 1983 bipartisan package raised the payroll tax gradually, began taxing benefits for higher earners, and phased the full retirement age from 65 to 67. That deal bought roughly 50 years of runway, which is the runway we're near the end of now.
The Social Security actuaries publish a menu of tested options. The largest levers are raising or eliminating the cap on wages subject to the tax, gradually increasing the 12.4% payroll tax rate, adjusting benefits for higher earners, and changing the cost-of-living formula. Investing part of the trust fund in equities instead of only Treasuries gets discussed too, though it's considered unlikely. Most of these land on workers in some form.
Claiming early can be a reasonable choice for plenty of reasons, including health, cash flow, or a spouse's situation. Fear that the program disappears isn't one of the stronger ones, given that payroll taxes would still fund about 80% of benefits even in the worst case. This is general education rather than a recommendation, and the right claiming age depends on your own circumstances.
Plan conservatively and revisit it. For people five to ten years out, one common approach is to model a reduced benefit so the plan still works if a cut arrives, and treat the full benefit as upside if it doesn't. Reviewing the assumption every year or two keeps the plan current as the rules change.
We’re paid only by you, never through commissions or product sales. That keeps the advice about you and your goals.
From ClearMind Capital
Yes, at all times. As an independent registered investment adviser, we’re legally bound to act in your best interest.
From ClearMind Capital
No. Pick the scheduler that fits (for you and your family, or for your company’s 401(k)) and book a short call. If you’d rather we come to you, just send your name and email.
From ClearMind Capital
Both. Private Wealth serves individuals, couples, and families. Workplace Retirement serves employers and plan sponsors. One firm, one standard of care.
From ClearMind Capital
We’re a fee-only, fiduciary financial planning firm based in Columbus, Ohio. We work with individuals and families across Columbus and nearby communities (including Dublin, Worthington, Bexley, Upper Arlington, and Westerville) and virtually with clients nationwide.
From ClearMind Capital
ClearMind Capital LLC is a fee-only, fiduciary registered investment adviser based in Columbus, Ohio. The firm provides financial planning and investment management to individuals and families, and advisory services to employers that sponsor 401(k) and other workplace retirement plans. It was founded in December 2024 and its firm CRD number is 334362.
ClearMind Capital LLC is independently owned by its founder, Nick George, CFP®, ChFC®, CLU®, IWA™, who also serves as Chief Compliance Officer. The firm has no parent company, no broker-dealer affiliation, and no outside ownership.
Yes. ClearMind Capital LLC is a registered investment adviser and owes a fiduciary duty to its clients for the entire relationship, not only at the point of a transaction. The firm is fee-only, so it earns no commissions, revenue sharing, or third-party compensation of any kind.
Clients are the only ones who pay ClearMind Capital. The firm accepts no commissions, no revenue sharing from fund companies, no referral payments, and no compensation from recordkeepers or insurers. Fee-only is also verified by NAPFA, the National Association of Personal Financial Advisors, of which the firm is a member.
ClearMind Capital is at 840 S Front St in the Brewery District, just south of downtown Columbus, Ohio 43206. The firm meets clients by appointment and works with clients across Central Ohio and nationwide, virtually.
Client assets are held at Altruist Financial LLC, an unaffiliated SEC-registered broker-dealer and member of FINRA and SIPC. ClearMind Capital does not take custody of client funds or securities.
Look up firm CRD# 334362 on the SEC's Investment Adviser Public Disclosure site at adviserinfo.sec.gov, which shows the firm's registration, its Form ADV, and any disciplinary history. Nick George's CFP® certification can be verified at the CFP Board's site, and the firm's fee-only status at napfa.org.
The firm generally works with clients who have at least $120,000 in investable assets. Below that level, a minimum annual advisory fee of $1,200 may apply. Advice-only financial planning and workplace retirement plan advisory are priced separately and carry no asset minimum.
ClearMind Capital is fee-only. Investment management is billed on a tiered, blended asset-based schedule (1.25% on the first $1,000,000, decreasing to 0.35% above $5,000,000), paid monthly in advance. Advice-only financial planning is a fixed fee of $100-$1,200 per month. Integrative Wealth Planning is a fixed fee of $3,000-$10,000. Workplace retirement plan advisory uses a marginal asset-based schedule starting at 0.85%. The firm earns no commissions or third-party compensation. All fees are negotiable.
From Form ADV Summary
Owner and Chief Compliance Officer Nicholas George holds the CFP®, ChFC®, CLU®, and IWA™ designations. Every adviser's qualifications and CRD record can be verified on the SEC's IAPD website.
From Form ADV Summary
ClearMind Capital LLC's firm CRD number is 334362, verifiable at adviserinfo.sec.gov.
From Form ADV Summary
No. Neither the firm nor its advisers has any reported disciplinary history, arbitration, or civil, regulatory, or administrative proceedings.
From Form ADV Summary
Client assets are held at Altruist Financial LLC, an unaffiliated SEC-registered broker-dealer and member of FINRA and SIPC. ClearMind Capital does not take custody of client funds.
From Form ADV Summary
You can reach ClearMind Capital by phone at (614) 618-0108, by email at info@clearmind-capital.com, or by booking a short intro call through our online scheduler. Our office is at 840 S Front St, Columbus, OH 43206. You can also leave your name and email on this page and we'll reach out to you.
From Contact
We work with individuals, families, and business owners across Columbus and Central Ohio, including Dublin, Worthington, Bexley, Upper Arlington, Westerville, and Hilliard, and we work virtually with clients throughout Ohio and nationwide.
From Contact
We meet by appointment, Monday through Friday, 8:30am to 5:00pm Eastern Time. Booking an intro call through our scheduler is the fastest way to find a time that works for you.
From Contact
No. The first conversation is a free, no-obligation intro call. ClearMind Capital is a fee-only, fiduciary registered investment adviser (CRD# 334362), so we're paid only by our clients, never through commissions or product sales.
From Contact
There is no universal minimum. Advisors who charge a percentage of assets often set account minimums, but many also offer foundational or starter engagements priced as a flat annual fee. Hourly advice is another entry point but definitely less common. Most advisors offer a no-cost introductory meeting to learn about their process.
From When Should You Hire a Financial Advisor? Sooner Than You Think, and Here Is Why
The earlier you can establish a financial system that works for you, the better. Some seek and invest in a financial advisor to partner with; others may try to do it on their own. Some notable moments may be: a business sale, being ten to fifteen years from retirement, an inheritance, a significant income increase or new equity compensation, marriage or divorce, and having children or approaching college.
From When Should You Hire a Financial Advisor? Sooner Than You Think, and Here Is Why
Yes, and ideally twelve to twenty-four months before closing. Deal structure, installment terms, purchase price allocation, qualified small business stock treatment, and charitable strategies all have to be arranged before the transaction. Most of those options close once the sale is done.
From When Should You Hire a Financial Advisor? Sooner Than You Think, and Here Is Why
Age 73 for people born between 1951 and 1959, and age 75 for people born in 1960 or later, under the SECURE 2.0 Act.
From When Should You Hire a Financial Advisor? Sooner Than You Think, and Here Is Why
If you leave your employer during or after the calendar year you turn 55, you can withdraw from that employer's retirement plan without the 10% early distribution penalty. The exception applies only to that plan, and rolling the money into an IRA forfeits it.
From When Should You Hire a Financial Advisor? Sooner Than You Think, and Here Is Why
"Financial advisor" is a general title with no single legal standard behind it. "Fiduciary" is a specific legal duty to act in the client's interest, owed by registered investment advisers for the full relationship. Brokers work under a narrower, transaction-level standard called Regulation Best Interest.
From Financial Advisor Near Me in Columbus: How to Compare Your Local Options
Either can work well. Local matters more if in-person meetings, regional knowledge, or Ohio-specific tax and municipal details are important to you. It's a preference question more than a quality question, and plenty of people are happy doing it either way.
From Financial Advisor Near Me in Columbus: How to Compare Your Local Options
Search the firm or the individual at adviserinfo.sec.gov, the SEC's Investment Adviser Public Disclosure database. Read Form ADV Part 2A for the fee structure and conflicts of interest, and check the individual's record for regulatory actions or complaints. FINRA's BrokerCheck covers brokers specifically.
From Financial Advisor Near Me in Columbus: How to Compare Your Local Options
Nothing is strictly required for an intro conversation. If it moves into real planning, recent tax returns, account statements, and a rough sense of what you're trying to accomplish will make the conversation far more useful than starting from a blank page.
From Financial Advisor Near Me in Columbus: How to Compare Your Local Options
No. Fees vary by pay model and by what's included. Some charge a percentage of the assets they manage, some charge a flat or hourly fee, and some are paid through product commissions. The number by itself doesn't tell you what you're getting, so ask what the fee covers beyond investment management.
From Financial Advisor Near Me in Columbus: How to Compare Your Local Options
An advisor who is legally required to act in your interest and whose only compensation comes from clients rather than from product companies. The two terms describe separate things: fiduciary is a legal duty, fee-only is a compensation structure.
Fee-only advisors are paid solely by clients. Fee-based advisors are paid by clients and also earn commissions on certain products such as insurance or annuities. Both disclose their compensation in Form ADV, and the terms are easy to confuse in marketing material.
Yes. An advisor paid a percentage of assets under management earns more when money stays invested with them, which creates a pull against advice to hold cash, pay off a mortgage, buy real estate, or leave a 401(k) in an employer plan. Fee-only removes product commissions rather than removing all conflicts.
No. Registered investment advisers owe a fiduciary duty across the relationship. Brokers are held to Regulation Best Interest, which applies at the point of each recommendation. Some professionals are dually registered and act as a fiduciary in part of their work but not all of it.
Look up the firm at adviserinfo.sec.gov and read Form ADV Part 2A. Item 5 shows how the firm is compensated, Item 10 shows insurance and brokerage affiliations, and Item 14 shows third-party compensation. The individual's disclosure record shows regulatory and complaint history.
At ClearMind Capital it starts with a planning roadmap, a document laying out the whole onboarding: what's already been done, what the current meeting covers, and what the next several conversations look like. Phase one is logistics, opening accounts and moving transfers. Phase two is the debrief once things have settled. Later phases cover the goals conversation, the plan itself, and a full review that bridges into the ongoing relationship.
Because scattered accounts occupy mental space. If part of someone's attention is still on where everything sits, the deeper conversation doesn't land. Clearing the logistics first makes the planning meeting far more productive.
It moves depending on the household. A family arriving organized and clear-headed can often have it right away. A family whose finances have been scattered usually needs the fog cleared first, because it's hard to think about what you want when the foundation isn't there. For some, that conversation comes two years in, and that's a reasonable pace.
Contact that doesn't depend on you initiating it. ClearMind Capital's process is built around reaching out when a tax change affects your situation or a vesting date is approaching, and coordinating across the advisor, CPA, and insurance so it's one team rather than disconnected conversations. Plan reviews, account titling, beneficiary designations, and estate planning all get revisited rather than handled once.
Ask whether they are a fiduciary and when that applies, how they are paid, what credentials they hold, who they typically work with, what you will pay and what is included, how tax planning fits in, and what a review meeting looks like three years in. Then notice whether they asked you more questions than you asked them.
From How to Choose a Financial Advisor in Columbus: 9 Questions Worth Asking
Search the firm or individual at adviserinfo.sec.gov, the SEC's Investment Adviser Public Disclosure site. Read Form ADV Part 2A for fees and conflicts, and check the disclosure section for regulatory actions or customer complaints. FINRA BrokerCheck covers brokers, and CFP® certifications can be verified at letsmakeaplan.org.
From How to Choose a Financial Advisor in Columbus: 9 Questions Worth Asking
"Financial advisor" is a general job title with no single legal standard behind it. "Fiduciary" is a legal duty to act in the client's interest. Registered investment advisers owe that duty across the relationship. Brokers are held to Regulation Best Interest, which applies at the point of each recommendation.
From How to Choose a Financial Advisor in Columbus: 9 Questions Worth Asking
No. Many people work entirely remotely with an advisor and prefer it. Local matters if you value in-person meetings, want someone familiar with the regional business community, or like knowing there is an office nearby. It is a preference question rather than a quality question.
From How to Choose a Financial Advisor in Columbus: 9 Questions Worth Asking
It depends on the pricing model. Advisors charging a percentage of assets often set account minimums. Advisors offering hourly, flat-fee, or starter engagements can work with people who have high income and little invested yet. If your situation is complex, the complexity matters more than the balance.
From How to Choose a Financial Advisor in Columbus: 9 Questions Worth Asking
The advisor's entire compensation comes from clients, through a percentage of assets, a flat fee, an hourly rate, or a subscription. They receive no commissions, revenue sharing, or referral payments from product companies.
From Fee-Only, Fee-Based, or Commission: How to Follow the Money
Fixed indexed annuity commissions typically run 5% to 8% of the premium, paid by the insurance company rather than deducted from your deposit. The insurer recovers that cost through surrender charges, caps on index crediting, participation rates or spreads, and renewal rate adjustments.
From Fee-Only, Fee-Based, or Commission: How to Follow the Money
Neither is universally better. Fee-only removes product commissions from the relationship. Fee-based allows one advisor to handle both investments and insurance, which some people prefer. Both structures carry conflicts of interest and both are disclosed in Form ADV. The right fit depends on what you need done.
From Fee-Only, Fee-Based, or Commission: How to Follow the Money
No, not as a direct deduction. The insurance company pays the agent from its own reserves and your full premium goes into the contract. The cost shows up indirectly in the contract's terms, particularly the surrender charge period and the limits on how much index return gets credited.
From Fee-Only, Fee-Based, or Commission: How to Follow the Money
Ask directly, then confirm it in the firm's Form ADV Part 2A at adviserinfo.sec.gov. Item 5 covers fees and compensation, Item 10 covers outside affiliations such as insurance licensing, and Item 14 covers third-party compensation arrangements.
From Fee-Only, Fee-Based, or Commission: How to Follow the Money
It depends entirely on what the 1% covers. For investment management alone, 1% is expensive relative to what technology now costs. For a relationship that includes tax planning, retirement withdrawal strategy, insurance review, and estate coordination, 1% is roughly the market rate for a much larger job. Ask for the scope in writing and judge the price against that.
From How Much Does a Financial Advisor Cost in Columbus, Ohio? (2026 Fee Breakdown)
Around 1% of assets per year on the first million dollars, declining at higher balances, according to Kitces Research. The full range across the market runs roughly 0.5% to 1.75%. Hourly advice has a median of about $300, and flat annual retainers have a median near $4,500.
From How Much Does a Financial Advisor Cost in Columbus, Ohio? (2026 Fee Breakdown)
Percentage-based fees are usually deducted from the investment account each quarter, so no invoice arrives. Flat and hourly fees are typically billed directly. Commissions are paid by the product company rather than by you, and are built into the pricing of the product.
From How Much Does a Financial Advisor Cost in Columbus, Ohio? (2026 Fee Breakdown)
Yes, in nearly every case. Each fund or ETF in your portfolio charges its own expense ratio, deducted from returns rather than billed. Index funds and ETFs generally run 0.03% to 0.15%. Actively managed funds commonly run 0.50% to 1.00%. Add that to the advisory fee to get your true all-in cost.
From How Much Does a Financial Advisor Cost in Columbus, Ohio? (2026 Fee Breakdown)
Columbus tracks national pricing. Independent registered investment advisers here mostly charge 0.75% to 1.65% for portfolios under a million dollars, with the wealth management arms of large national firms often charging more and bundling additional services.
From How Much Does a Financial Advisor Cost in Columbus, Ohio? (2026 Fee Breakdown)
You may not need to switch. We start with a no-cost benchmark of your current plan’s fees, funds, and fiduciary coverage, then show you where it stands.
From Workplace Retirement
Small and mid-sized businesses. If you have employees and a plan, or want to start one, we should talk.
From Workplace Retirement
Yes. We help you meet your ERISA fiduciary duties with a documented process so the plan is defensible.
From Workplace Retirement
Yes. For a profitable business, a cash balance plan can let an owner contribute well beyond 401(k) limits and take a large tax deduction. We build it alongside a 401(k), coordinating a TPA and an enrolled actuary. See our cash balance plans page.
From Workplace Retirement
Look at four things: the all-in fees versus the market, whether there is a documented fiduciary process, whether your advisor is an actual fiduciary, and how many employees participate. This checkup walks through each. A formal benchmark puts hard numbers to it.
It compares what you pay for recordkeeping, administration, advice, and the funds themselves against what similar plans pay. Because plan pricing has fallen over the years, older plans often turn out to be overpaying without knowing it.
A 3(21) advisor recommends investments and shares fiduciary responsibility with you. A 3(38) investment manager makes the investment decisions and takes on that liability directly. Both are fiduciaries; a 3(38) carries more of the load.
No. It is an educational self-assessment to help you see where to look. It is not an ERISA plan audit, and it is not advice or a recommendation. A ClearMind advisor would review your actual plan documents and data before anything is decided.
Owners with strong, steady profits who have already maxed their 401(k) and want to shelter more, especially those in their 40s, 50s, or 60s. It fits professional practices and profitable small businesses well. The right answer depends on your numbers, which an advisor and actuary would model.
It depends on your age, income, and employees. Contributions are generally deductible to the business, and for a profitable owner the yearly amount can run well into six figures on top of the 401(k). The exact figure has to be modeled with an actuary.
Almost always, yes. A cash balance plan is typically paired with a 401(k) and profit sharing so the combined plan passes IRS testing and the owners can maximize their own contributions.
No. It lays out the factors that matter for your profile so you can weigh them. It is educational, not a recommendation. A ClearMind advisor, with a TPA and an enrolled actuary, would model your actual situation before anything is decided.
Yes. We work with owners of service businesses, trades, professional practices, and online companies in Columbus, Dublin, Worthington, and across Ohio, and with owners nationwide, virtually. We are a fee-only, fiduciary firm, so the advice is about you and never about a product.
Often, once your profit is high enough to justify the payroll and filing costs, an S-corp can lower self-employment tax. It is not right for everyone. We run the numbers on your real figures and coordinate the decision with a CPA before anything changes.
It depends on whether you have employees and how much you want to save. A Solo 401(k) or SEP-IRA fits a solo owner, while a company 401(k), sometimes with profit sharing or a cash balance plan, lets an owner with staff shelter much more. We help you choose and set it up.
Yes. We help you plan years ahead: drawing value out of the company, diversifying your net worth, coordinating with your CPA and attorney, and getting your personal finances ready so the proceeds actually fund the life you want.
Yes, and we think that is essential for owners. Your tax, legal, and financial decisions are connected, so we work alongside the professionals you already trust, or introduce you to ones we partner with.
No. We are based in Columbus and serve business owners nationwide, virtually. Fee-only and fiduciary means the advice is the same wherever your business is.
Often yes, if you want to help recruit and keep employees, save more for your own retirement, or both. Recent tax credits can offset much of the startup cost for small employers. We help you weigh it against your headcount, budget, and goals.
There are setup and ongoing administration costs, and the amount depends on your plan design and provider. Importantly, SECURE 2.0 tax credits can cover a large share for small employers, so the real cost is often much lower than it looks. We lay out the specifics for your business.
For eligible small employers, federal credits can offset a large portion of the cost of starting a plan for the first few years, plus additional credits for employer contributions. We help you understand which apply to you and what your after-credit cost really is.
Far more than an IRA allows, especially with a profit-sharing or cash balance design. The exact amount depends on your income, your employees, and the plan design. We build the plan so it maximizes what you can shelter while treating the team fairly.
As a plan sponsor you take on fiduciary duties around administration, compliance, and investment oversight. We help you set the plan up correctly and put the right support in place so those duties are handled.
Yes. We advise Ohio businesses statewide and employers nationwide. As a fee-only, fiduciary firm, our advice on your plan is about your business and your people.
It is a type of defined benefit pension plan that shows each participant a growing account balance. The employer funds it, an enrolled actuary certifies the funding each year, and owners use it to save far more than a 401(k) allows while taking a deduction. It usually runs alongside a 401(k).
Far more than a 401(k). The limit is based on funding a future retirement benefit, so it rises with your age and income, and for many owners the contribution runs well into six figures a year on top of the 401(k). We model your specific number with the actuary before you commit.
Almost always, yes. A cash balance plan is typically paired with a 401(k) and profit sharing so the combined plan passes IRS nondiscrimination testing. The pairing is also what lets owners maximize their own contributions while giving employees a fair benefit.
It costs more than a 401(k) alone because it needs a TPA to administer it and an enrolled actuary to certify the funding each year. For a profitable owner, the tax savings usually dwarf those costs. We coordinate the TPA and actuary and act as your point of contact.
Yes. To pass testing, the paired 401(k) generally provides employees a contribution, often around 5% to 7.5% of pay. We design the plan so it rewards the owners and treats the team fairly, and we show you the employee cost up front.
A cash balance plan is meant to be funded consistently, ideally for at least a few years, but it is not permanent. It can be amended or frozen if the business changes. We build it with a funding range that gives you flexibility from year to year.
Owners with strong, steady profits who have already maxed the 401(k) and want to shelter more, especially those in their 40s, 50s, or 60s trying to save aggressively before retirement. It fits professional practices and profitable small businesses well. If it is not a fit for you, we will say so.
Your plan document has to name at least one, and for a small business that's usually the company or an officer of it. Past that, ERISA treats anyone with real say over the plan or its money as a fiduciary, for the part they have say over. Your title doesn't decide it.
A recordkeeper tracks accounts, processes transactions and runs the employee website. That list is spelled out in your service agreement, and it doesn't include deciding whether the menu is any good, whether the fees are fair, or whether the design still fits your payroll. Those decisions stay with the plan's fiduciaries.
An accountant reviewing the plan, or running the audit once your plan is big enough to need one, is checking backward that things were recorded correctly. That work matters, and it's a different job from watching the menu, the fees and the design through the year.
ERISA looks at how you decided, not how it turned out. The question is whether somebody who knew what they were doing, being careful, would have done the same, and whether you can show it. A plan can run clean for years and still have nothing on paper about how its decisions got made.
Watches the investment menu against written standards, compares your costs to similar plans, reviews the design before each plan year, keeps a record of the review cycle, and runs employee education on a schedule. What sets the job apart is the scope. An advisor is responsible for the whole plan instead of one piece of it.
Part of it. Responsibility moves when discretion moves. Bring in a firm that takes discretion over the investment menu and that firm answers for those decisions. An arrangement where somebody only recommends and you approve leaves the decision sitting with you. What never transfers is choosing that firm in the first place and keeping an eye on it afterward.
Setup typically runs $500 to $3,000 and ongoing administration $1,750 to $5,000 a year for a small plan, though some providers have eliminated setup fees. For a business with 50 or fewer employees starting its first plan, SECURE 2.0 tax credits can cover 100% of qualified startup costs up to $5,000 a year for three years.
From Should Your Ohio Business Start a 401(k)? Here Is the 2026 Math, in Plain English
$24,500 for employee contributions. Workers 50 and older can add $8,000, for $32,500. Those turning 60 through 63 during the year can add $11,250 instead, for $35,750. The combined employer and employee ceiling per person is $72,000.
From Should Your Ohio Business Start a 401(k)? Here Is the 2026 Math, in Plain English
No. A match is optional. A safe harbor design, though, requires a set employer contribution in exchange for skipping annual nondiscrimination testing, which is often what lets owners contribute the maximum to their own accounts.
From Should Your Ohio Business Start a 401(k)? Here Is the 2026 Math, in Plain English
A SIMPLE IRA is cheaper and easier to administer, which suits businesses with tight cash flow or very small headcount. A 401(k) allows far higher contributions, more flexible plan design, and access to the SECURE 2.0 startup credits. Many businesses start with a SIMPLE and convert later.
From Should Your Ohio Business Start a 401(k)? Here Is the 2026 Math, in Plain English
Three credits for employers starting a new retirement plan: up to $5,000 a year for three years covering startup costs, $500 a year for three years for adding automatic enrollment, and up to $1,000 per employee earning $100,000 or less for employer contributions. All are claimed on IRS Form 8881 and are nonrefundable.
From Should Your Ohio Business Start a 401(k)? Here Is the 2026 Math, in Plain English
Employer administration costs on a small plan typically run $1,750 to $5,000 a year total, which, spread across 25 employees, is roughly $70 to $200 each. Separately, employees pay investment costs through fund expense ratios, which for a well-built menu run about 0.05% to 0.25% of their balances annually.
From What a 401(k) Really Costs a Small Business (And Who Pays for What)
Both, in different ways. Employers typically pay setup, administration, and any contributions they make. Employees pay the investment costs embedded in each fund's expense ratio. Advisor compensation and recordkeeping can be charged to either, depending on how the plan is arranged.
From What a 401(k) Really Costs a Small Business (And Who Pays for What)
Benchmarks vary by plan size. A $5 million plan averages about 1.04% in total cost and a $50 million plan about 0.72%, per the 401k Averages Book. Smaller plans run higher. What matters most is comparing your plan against others of similar size rather than against a single national figure.
From What a 401(k) Really Costs a Small Business (And Who Pays for What)
An arrangement where a portion of a fund's expense ratio is paid back to the plan's recordkeeper or advisor to cover services. It reduces what appears on the employer's invoice by shifting the cost into participant returns. It must be disclosed and is most common among smaller plans.
From What a 401(k) Really Costs a Small Business (And Who Pays for What)
Check the weighted average expense ratio of the fund menu, when the lineup was last reviewed, whether total plan cost has been benchmarked against comparable providers, whether a 3(38) or 3(21) fiduciary is named, and whether auto-escalation is enabled. Your participant fee disclosure and service provider disclosure contain most of the answers.
From Is Your Company 401(k) Any Good? Seven Things You Can Check This Week
A well-constructed menu typically averages 0.05% to 0.25% weighted across participant assets. Investment Company Institute data shows 401(k) participants paid an average of 0.26% for equity mutual funds and 0.05% for index equity mutual funds.
From Is Your Company 401(k) Any Good? Seven Things You Can Check This Week
Investment menus are commonly reviewed at least annually, with a fuller fee benchmarking exercise every two to three years or whenever plan assets or headcount change materially. Documenting each review is as important as performing it.
From Is Your Company 401(k) Any Good? Seven Things You Can Check This Week
Excessive fee litigation against plan sponsors has been an active area for years, generally centered on whether the sponsor followed a prudent process in selecting and monitoring investments and service providers. Maintaining documented reviews is the practical response. Specific legal questions belong with an ERISA attorney.
From Is Your Company 401(k) Any Good? Seven Things You Can Check This Week
A plan feature that automatically increases a participant's contribution rate, typically by one percentage point per year up to a set cap, unless they opt out. It counteracts the tendency for people to stay at whatever rate they were enrolled at.
From Is Your Company 401(k) Any Good? Seven Things You Can Check This Week
A color-coded grid that ranks the annual total return of major asset classes for each year, also called the periodic table of investment returns. Each column is one calendar year, sorted best at the top to worst at the bottom, so you can see how the leaders change and how much any single year swings.
Each color is one asset class: large-, mid-, and small-cap U.S. stocks, international developed and emerging-market stocks, real estate, commodities, fixed income, and cash, plus a hypothetical diversified blend. Within each year the tiles stack from the highest return at the top to the lowest at the bottom.
Markets are hard to time. An asset class that leads one year often lands near the bottom the next. That is why chasing last year's winner is risky, and why a diversified mix tends to land in the middle instead of at either extreme.
A hypothetical blend spread across the asset classes shown and rebalanced each year. It is here only to show how diversification smooths results, since it avoids both the top and the bottom. It is not a ClearMind Capital model, a recommendation, or something you can buy directly.
Yes. Enter your email on this page and we will send you a printable PDF poster of the full 2011 to 2025 quilt.
Both. We build and actively manage low-cost, diversified portfolios for our clients, and we do it as part of a full financial plan. Because we are fee-only and fiduciary, we earn nothing from products or commissions.
We use low-cost, diversified portfolios matched to your goals and risk tolerance, with taxes in mind at every step. We avoid chasing trends, and we build a durable plan that keeps you steady through market ups and downs.
If you have the time, the temperament, and the tax knowledge, doing it yourself can work. Many people value having a coordinated plan, tax-aware management, and a steady hand in downturns. We are happy to tell you honestly whether we would add enough value for you.
Yes, and it matters a lot. Fee-only means we are paid by you, never through commissions or product sales, so there is no incentive to steer you into anything. The advice is about your money working for you.
Yes. We place assets across your accounts to reduce taxes, harvest losses when it helps, and coordinate investing with your broader tax plan, so more of your return stays with you.
Yes. We are based in Columbus and manage investments for clients nationwide, virtually. Fee-only and fiduciary means the approach is the same wherever you live.
A share of a company's profits paid out in cash to the people who own it. If you own a fifth of a pizza shop that distributes $2,000, your $400 is a dividend. Your stake in the business drops by the same $400 the moment it's paid, so the money moved from one pocket to another.
No. A dividend is a transfer of value from the company to you, not something extra the company produces. You already owned that value as part of your shares. Afterward you hold it as cash instead.
The cutoff for owning the stock in order to receive a declared dividend. Buy on or after that date and the dividend goes to whoever sold you the shares. On that morning the share price typically opens lower by roughly the dividend amount, because the cash has left the business. A $50 stock paying a $1 dividend opens near $49.
You'd end up where you started, minus tax. You'd collect the dividend, but the share price drops by about the same amount on the ex-dividend date. The dividend is also taxable, so the round trip tends to leave you slightly worse off.
Not on its own. Yield is the cash paid out as a percentage of what you paid for the shares, and it says nothing about what the shares did. A stock yielding 9% that falls 15% in value lost you money that year. Total return, meaning price change plus dividends received, is the number that reflects what actually happened.
Companies that have raised their dividend every year for at least 25 straight years. Sustaining that requires the underlying business to keep earning more, which is why the group tends to hold up better in rough markets. It's a screen for durability rather than a guarantee.
Because they believe they can compound a dollar better inside the business than you can outside it. Fast-growing companies put every dollar back into product, people, and expansion. Berkshire Hathaway has never paid one, on exactly that reasoning. Paying a dividend often signals a mature business generating more cash than it can sensibly reinvest.
It depends on what the portfolio is for. Someone with forty or more years of compounding ahead generally doesn't need the income, and dividends in a taxable account create a tax bill along the way. Companies paying large dividends are also growing more slowly by design. That trade looks very different at 65 than it does at 25. This is general education rather than a recommendation.
Because asset classes respond differently to whatever the economy is doing. Real estate struggled in 2020 and led in 2021 as rates fell and refinancing took off. In 2022, inflation fears pulled down stocks and bonds at the same time, which is unusual and tied to the interest rate relationship. Conditions change, and leadership rotates with them.
Some investors try. Doing it consistently over many years is the hard part. Owning a mix of all of them instead means you won't finish at the top in any given year, and you won't finish at the bottom either. That's the trade a diversified portfolio makes on purpose.
Roughly 70% in growth assets like stocks and 30% in more stable holdings like bonds and cash. On the quilt, a 70/30 blend tends to sit near the middle of the pack every year, which is what owning a bit of everything produces. It won't top the table and it won't sit at the bottom either.
To build in margin. A plan might assume a return well below what a diversified mix has averaged historically. Call it a lifeboat drill. Decisions made against a conservative assumption hold up better if returns come in soft, and leave room for upside if they don't.
It means the portfolio is structured to be consistent with what the plan assumes, rather than to beat a benchmark. The test isn't whether it topped the charts last year, it's whether it supports the withdrawals the plan calls for over the years ahead.
Because everyone giving it is playing a different game. A gym looks identical to everyone in it, but one person is training for a marathon, another is rehabbing a knee, and a third just wants to keep up with their kids. Copying a stranger's program only works if you happen to share their goal, their timeline, and their tolerance for risk.
It's a legitimate game and it teaches things a classroom can't. The caution is size. A common guardrail is limiting it to a slice you could lose without derailing anything, and in the video Nick puts that in the range of 5% to 10%. What's appropriate varies by person, and this is general education rather than a recommendation. Most people who trade actively end up behind someone who bought and held, and the wins that circulate online usually came from timing rather than a repeatable method.
The finding that losing money hurts roughly twice as much as gaining the same amount feels good. It's why a red portfolio creates an urge to do something, and why reacting to short-term performance so often ends in buying high and selling low.
Someone who invests because they know they should, without the investments tying back to any plan. Money goes into the 401(k), there's a Roth IRA somewhere from years ago, and the allocation isn't connected to anything they actually want. It's where most people live, and the tell is that headlines drive the decisions.
Work backward from the plan rather than from the market. If a plan works at an assumed 6% return, chasing an extra point of return adds risk the plan never needed. If the goals require more growth than the current mix can produce, sitting conservatively is its own risk. The plan drives the investments, not the reverse.
For 2026 Ohio uses a flat 2.75% individual income tax. Taxable income at or below $26,050 is not taxed; income above $26,050 is taxed at 2.75%. This completed Ohio's move from a graduated schedule (which taxed income over $100,000 at a higher rate) to a single flat rate.
Yes. The City of Columbus levies a 2.5% municipal income tax on wages, separate from the 2.75% Ohio state tax. Many other Ohio cities and some school districts also levy their own income taxes, so a Columbus paycheck can face federal tax, the 2.75% state tax, the 2.5% city tax, and sometimes a school-district tax. This estimator includes an optional Columbus 2.5% layer.
Federal income tax is marginal: each bracket's rate applies only to the income that falls inside that bracket, not to your whole income. A higher bracket never lowers the take-home on the dollars beneath it. It only applies to the slice of income above that bracket's threshold.
No. It is a general illustration that applies 2026 federal and state brackets to taxable income you already know. It excludes credits, deductions, exemptions, the alternative minimum tax, capital-gain rates, payroll tax, and most local and school-district income taxes. Verify current figures with the IRS and your state tax agency.
For 2026 the standard deduction is $16,100 for single filers, $32,200 for married couples filing jointly, $24,150 for head of household, and $16,100 for married filing separately. Most households take it because it beats itemizing. The senior add-ons for age 65 and older are listed in the guide above.
The 2026 elective deferral limit for a 401(k), 403(b), 457(b), or the TSP is $24,500. If you are age 50 to 59 or 64 and older you can add an $8,000 catch-up, and a higher $11,250 super catch-up applies at ages 60 to 63. IRA, HSA, and SIMPLE limits are in the retirement section above.
The 2026 limit for a traditional or Roth IRA is $7,500, with an extra $1,100 catch-up if you are 50 or older. Whether a Roth or a deductible traditional contribution is allowed depends on your income, so check the IRA income phase-out ranges in the guide above.
Ohio uses a flat 2.75% individual income tax for 2026. Income at or below $26,050 is not taxed at the state level, and income above that is taxed at 2.75%. The City of Columbus levies a separate 2.5% municipal income tax on wages.
They come from the IRS, the Social Security Administration, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, and the Ohio Department of Taxation, checked as of the last-updated date on this page. Some amounts are indexed or can be revised after publication, so verify against official sources and talk with a qualified tax professional before acting.
The savings land on income above $100,000. Income between about $26,050 and $100,000 was already taxed at 2.75% in 2024 and 2025, so the flat rate does not change it. Above $100,000, the top rate came down to 2.75%, so higher earners keep a little more.
No. The City of Columbus still charges its own 2.5% municipal income tax on wages, separate from the 2.75% state rate. The flat tax only changed the state side.
No. Ohio's House Bill 920 automatically lowers the tax rate on voter-approved levies as property values rise. Your bill will likely increase slightly due to unvoted inside millage or newly passed community levies, but it will not match the headline percentage jump of your home value.
Your tax is calculated using 35% of your home's total appraised value. This taxable amount is multiplied by your local area's total millage rate. Local tax credits are then deducted to determine your final annual bill.
One mill equals one dollar of tax for every $1,000 of taxable property value. Your total local tax rate is calculated by stacking the individual mills of your school district, library, and city services together.
Tentative values are available for review now, and informal appeals are open until September 5, 2026. The state approves and finalizes the numbers in December 2026.
Local governments use long-term tax abatements to attract major corporate investments to the region. While these companies often make alternative, direct payments to local schools, the overall economic boom raises demand and increases surrounding residential property values.
Both, sort of... it's a little confusing. The Ohio 529 CollegeAdvantage comes in two versions. The Direct Plan is the do-it-yourself one you open yourself online. The Advisor Plan, run by BlackRock, is the same CollegeAdvantage program, but you can only open it through a financial advisor, and advisor compensation is built into its pricing.
From Ohio's CollegeAdvantage 529 Plan and How the $4,000 Deduction Works
You can write off up to $4,000 per child, every year, straight from your Ohio taxable income, regardless of your tax filing status. If you put in more than $4,000 for a child in a single year, the state lets you save those extra dollars to claim on future tax returns with no expiration date.
From Ohio's CollegeAdvantage 529 Plan and How the $4,000 Deduction Works
Yes. Any Ohio taxpayer who puts money into a CollegeAdvantage account can claim up to a $4,000 deduction per child on their own state return. This is entirely separate from, and on top of, whatever the parents are separately writing off for that same child.
From Ohio's CollegeAdvantage 529 Plan and How the $4,000 Deduction Works
The limit is per child. If you open multiple accounts for the same child, or if several people put money into one account, your personal household deduction cannot go over $4,000 for that child in a single year. However, each separate person or married couple giving the money gets their own unique $4,000 limit per child.
From Ohio's CollegeAdvantage 529 Plan and How the $4,000 Deduction Works
You can switch the account to another eligible relative with zero tax consequences. Federal rules also let you roll unused money into a Roth IRA for your child, up to a $35,000 lifetime limit, as long as the account has been open for at least 15 years and you follow annual Roth IRA contribution rules.
From Ohio's CollegeAdvantage 529 Plan and How the $4,000 Deduction Works
You only pay a penalty on the growth, never on the cash you originally put in. The earnings are taxed as regular income plus a 10% federal penalty. However, that 10% penalty is waived completely if your child wins a scholarship, or in the case of death or disability. You can also avoid penalties entirely by passing the account to another relative or moving up to $35,000 into a Roth IRA. Just keep in mind that Ohio will require you to add your original deductions back onto your state tax return as income for the year you withdraw the money.
From Ohio's CollegeAdvantage 529 Plan and How the $4,000 Deduction Works
Yes. The money works at accredited colleges, universities, and eligible trade or certificate programs nationwide. While the upfront tax write-off only benefits Ohio taxpayers, the student can go to school anywhere in the country.
From Ohio's CollegeAdvantage 529 Plan and How the $4,000 Deduction Works
You can open the Ohio 529 CollegeAdvantage Direct Plan online at collegeadvantage.com in about 10 minutes. You just need a U.S. address, your Social Security number, and the child's Social Security number. It takes just $25 to start, at which point you can link a bank account and pick a ready-made investment option.
From Ohio's CollegeAdvantage 529 Plan and How the $4,000 Deduction Works
2.75% on income above $26,050. Income at or below that amount is not subject to Ohio state income tax.
From Here’s What You Need To Know About Ohio’s New Flat 2.75% Income Tax
No, not evenly. It lowered the rate on income above $100,000 from 3.125% in 2025 to 2.75% in 2026, continuing a reduction from 3.5% in 2024. Income between $26,050 and $100,000 was already taxed at 2.75% before this change and stays at 2.75%, so most middle-income earners see no rate change at all, just a simpler, single-bracket system.
From Here’s What You Need To Know About Ohio’s New Flat 2.75% Income Tax
No. Ohio's state flat tax and Columbus's municipal income tax are entirely separate systems. Columbus charges its own 2.5% city income tax regardless of the state rate.
From Here’s What You Need To Know About Ohio’s New Flat 2.75% Income Tax
The state rate is one input among several, including your federal bracket this year versus your expected future bracket, and how a conversion affects things like Medicare premium surcharges or other income-based thresholds. A lower, flatter state rate makes conversions marginally more attractive but rarely decides the question on its own.
From Here’s What You Need To Know About Ohio’s New Flat 2.75% Income Tax
House Bill 96 is available through the Ohio General Assembly's website, and the Ohio Department of Taxation publishes updated bracket and withholding guidance each year at tax.ohio.gov.
From Here’s What You Need To Know About Ohio’s New Flat 2.75% Income Tax
If you hold stock that's gone up in value, transferring the shares directly to the charity is usually the more efficient way to give. Selling first triggers capital gains tax. Transferring the shares means the charity receives the full value, sells it tax-free as a non-profit, and you deduct the full value without anyone paying tax on the gain.
Yes. You can use the cash you were going to give and buy the same position back. You end up owning the same shares with a higher cost basis, and the embedded gain is gone. On $10,000 of stock with an $8,000 gain at a 15% capital gains rate, that's roughly $1,200 of tax avoided without changing the size of the gift.
At a few hundred dollars a year the effort outweighs the benefit, and cash is simpler. It starts to earn its keep around $5,000 a year and becomes meaningful at $25,000, $50,000, and beyond.
Think of it as a charitable savings account. You move appreciated stock or cash into it in one year and take the full deduction that year, then grant the money out to charities over time on your own schedule. It's useful for bunching several years of planned giving into a single high-income year, such as the year of a large bonus, while the charity keeps receiving the same annual gift it always did.
A QCD lets someone age 70 and a half or older send money directly from an IRA to a charity. The distribution doesn't show up as taxable income, and once required minimum distributions begin, it counts toward them. Because IRA withdrawals are taxed as ordinary income rather than capital gains, this is often the most efficient giving route for retirees with an IRA.
Three things under the One Big Beautiful Bill Act. Itemizers now face a floor: gifts are deductible only to the extent they exceed half a percent of adjusted gross income, so a household at $400,000 of AGI gets no deduction on the first $2,000 given. For filers in the 37% bracket, the benefit of a charitable deduction is capped at 35 cents on the dollar. And people taking the standard deduction can now deduct up to $1,000 single or $2,000 married for cash gifts to public charities, whether or not they itemize.
Four. Hold the shares more than a year first, so the gain is long-term. Never sell before donating, the transfer has to go directly to the charity, which then sells. Start early, since a direct transfer takes operational time. And keep records: any non-cash gift over $500 requires Form 8283 with your tax return. All of this is general education rather than advice for a specific situation, and the mechanics are worth confirming with your CPA or tax advisor before you act.
It's a legal document, not an account and not an investment. Inside it are instructions covering three questions: who is in charge, what they're allowed to do, and who benefits from the assets and when. Those roles are the grantor who creates it, the trustee who manages it, and the beneficiaries who receive from it. While you're alive and capable you're usually your own trustee, so day-to-day life doesn't change.
No. A revocable trust is a grantor trust, so it uses your Social Security number and files no separate return. Capital gains and dividends are taxed exactly as they were before. It also doesn't remove assets from your taxable estate or shield them from your own creditors while you're alive, because you keep control. Its job is organization, privacy, and continuity.
A will gives instructions to a probate court. A trust gives instructions to a trustee you chose. Having a will does not avoid probate, it only tells the court how you want probate handled. With assets properly connected to a trust, your successor trustee handles the transition privately, with no court appointment and no public inventory filing for those assets.
A trust only controls what it's connected to. Funding means either retitling ownership into the trust, so an account becomes held by you as trustee of your trust, or naming the trust as a beneficiary through a transfer-on-death designation. Both approaches can avoid probate. Creating the document and never connecting assets to it is the most common mistake, and the court doesn't care that the document exists if the assets are still in your individual name.
Usually not. IRAs and 401(k)s generally stay in the individual name with clean beneficiary designations, which already transfer outside probate. A trust is sometimes named as beneficiary for minor children, special needs planning, or a short list of other reasons, but it isn't the default.
No. It's driven by structure and complexity rather than a dollar figure. A revocable trust is more often worth it when you own real estate, especially in more than one state, have minor children or a blended family, want a structured inheritance rather than a lump sum at 21, or want privacy. A very simple estate where every account already has a clean beneficiary designation may not need one. This is general education, not legal advice, and an estate planning attorney should draft any document for your situation.
Roughly $15 million per person in 2026, and about double that for a married couple with proper planning. It adjusts over time and can move in either direction with legislation. It was $675,000 in 2001 and $3.5 million in 2009, so planning needs shift as the threshold changes. Estate tax is separate from income tax and capital gains tax, and it applies only to very large estates.
A new investment account for children. For a child born between January 1, 2025 and December 31, 2028, the government seeds it with a one-time $1,000. The account belongs to the child, with a parent or guardian managing it until adulthood, structured much like a UTMA.
Parents, grandparents, other relatives, and even employers whose plans allow it can add money each year, up to an annual limit of $5,000.
In low-cost, diversified stock market index funds from an approved list. No individual stocks and no narrow sector funds. Think broad-market options like a total stock market or S&P 500 index fund. The restriction is deliberate, meant to keep it simple and long-term.
Contributions are after-tax, so there's no deduction going in. Growth is tax-deferred, meaning no annual tax on gains or dividends. Withdrawals of earnings are generally taxed as ordinary income. It behaves somewhat like a traditional IRA without the upfront deduction.
That's the interesting piece. The account is expected to transition into a retirement-style account at adulthood, at which point a Roth conversion may be possible under standard IRA rules. Young adults often sit in low tax brackets, which is when a conversion tends to be most efficient, and growth afterward could be tax-free.
No. The IRS is building a digital sign-up projected for around July 2026, which is when funding starts. Until then it's an awareness item. Depending on the goal, a 529 or a UTMA may still fit a family better, and this is general education rather than a recommendation.
A contribution is new money going into a Roth account, subject to annual limits and income rules. A conversion moves money you already have in a pre-tax account, like a traditional IRA or pre-tax 401(k), into a Roth and pays the tax on it now. They get confused constantly and they solve different problems.
Most often in a year when taxable income is unusually low, because the conversion is taxed at that lower rate. For many people that window opens in early retirement, after the paychecks stop but before Social Security starts and before required minimum distributions begin. Other openings are years when markets are down and account values are temporarily lower, and years with unusually large deductions from charitable gifts or medical expenses.
In peak earning years, when you're already in a high bracket and could wait for a lower one. Before you have an actual plan, since a conversion done on a hunch can cost more than it saves. And potentially if you live in a high-tax state now but plan to retire to a state with no income tax, where waiting may be the cheaper path.
No. Conversions can be partial, and usually are. A common approach is converting just enough each year to fill a particular tax bracket without spilling into the next one, repeated over several years.
Because you pay tax on the account value at the time of conversion. An IRA that fell from $50,000 to $40,000 generates tax on $40,000, and any recovery afterward happens inside the Roth where it isn't taxed. This only helps if converting was already part of the plan. It isn't a reason to start converting every time markets drop.
No. Traditional and other pre-tax accounts force withdrawals later in life so the IRS eventually collects its tax. Roth IRAs don't, which leaves more control over when money comes out. Roth withdrawals also don't add to taxable income, which matters for Medicare premiums and the taxation of Social Security.
The average cost of center-based infant care in Ohio runs over $10,000 a year. Measured against the federal affordability standard of 7% of household income, a family would need to earn close to $150,000 a year for one infant to be considered affordable, while the median household income in Franklin County is about $75,000.
The Center for American Progress estimates that a 30-year-old earning $50,000 who takes three years off gives up roughly $150,000 in wages, about $140,000 in future raises and promotions, and around $125,000 in lost retirement savings and compounding, for a gross figure near $400,000. That number shrinks once you subtract the childcare, taxes, and commuting costs you avoid by staying home, and it varies widely by career and state.
A benefits cliff is when earning slightly more money causes you to lose an assistance benefit all at once, rather than phasing it out gradually. In Ohio, childcare assistance stops at 145% of the poverty line, about $39,000 a year for a family of three. Cross that line and you pay full market rate, which can mean a raise leaves a family worse off.
Decades of research suggest the effect on how children turn out is small on average. What parents do matters more than who provides care during the day. Kids from stable homes showed no measurable difference either way, while kids from struggling homes tended to benefit from good care. The larger impact tends to land on the parents and the marriage.
A workable foundation is a joint checking account as home base where income lands and household costs get paid, a joint high-yield savings account with a stated purpose, a joint investment account for long-term savings outside retirement, retirement accounts for both people funded at a deliberate rate, and an account for the kids if college is a goal. The specifics vary, but the structure is the point.
A collection of accounts that each made sense when they were opened but have no connective tissue between them. Savings spread across four banks, two earning under 1%. Retirement contributions set four years ago and never revisited. Nothing is wrong with any single piece, and together they don't function as a system.
Because the argument usually isn't about the amount. A $3,400 water heater repair turns into a fight over which account it comes from, which is really a question about whose job this is and whether you're on the same page. When the household has a system both people built, most of those questions answer themselves.
Saving the leftovers works in quiet months and falls apart in the months with a vacation or a big expense, which are exactly the months it matters. Moving money automatically on payday means the decision gets made once instead of twelve times a year.
Because the mind measures position, not just progress. It uses the people around it as reference points and quietly builds an internal timeline of what life is supposed to look like by a certain age. Doing well in absolute terms doesn't register if the comparison set has moved.
From Why You Always Feel Behind (Even When You're Doing Fine)
The tendency to evaluate your own situation relative to other people rather than on its own. Psychologists named it, economists noticed a version of it more than a century ago when they described people buying visible goods to signal position. A carriage then, a larger house now. The markers change, the behavior doesn't.
From Why You Always Feel Behind (Even When You're Doing Fine)
It expands the comparison circle from a handful of neighbors to hundreds of people a week, most of whom you've never met. What you see is also the best fraction of their lives. The brain treats all of it as context anyway, and the internal measuring stick updates without you noticing.
From Why You Always Feel Behind (Even When You're Doing Fine)
Yes, and it's older than the phrase. Suburban houses in 1948 were largely the same: small lots, one bathroom, a modest kitchen. Each addition over the following decades felt ordinary on its own, and the shared expectation of what a normal home looks like moved with them.
From Why You Always Feel Behind (Even When You're Doing Fine)
Because money is processed by the mind before it reaches the calculator. Every financial decision carries a feeling alongside the numbers, and the feeling usually arrives first. That's why the same opportunity with identical facts can reassure one person and unsettle another.
Because the experience outlasted the information. Many Americans stayed in cash for decades while businesses grew and stocks compounded through the 1950s and 60s. They knew the market existed, newspapers printed prices daily. What stayed with them was watching banks fail and neighbors lose jobs overnight, and the mind filed that away as danger. Very similar behavior showed up after 2008.
It shows up in ways that look irrational from outside and sensible from inside. Someone laid off early in a career may hold a large cash reserve long after things stabilized. Someone who watched their parents struggle with debt may want the mortgage gone regardless of the interest rate. The brain is doing its job, which is keeping you safe.
The discomfort of not knowing, and the pull to act just to end the waiting. Taking action can feel calming even when the action isn't the best one, because it settles a feeling rather than solving a problem. Recognizing that impulse is what creates room to pause before acting on it.
Three to six months of expenses is the usual target. The point is having somewhere to turn when the car dies, the dog needs the vet, or a job ends. A credit card can cover a short gap, but carrying that balance works directly against building anything.
Any amount beats nothing, and $20 a week is a real starting point. Your 20s and 30s are the years compounding has the most time to work with, and they don't come back. This is general education rather than a recommendation for a particular situation.
Spending rising in step with income, so a raise or bonus disappears into a higher standard of living without any of it reaching savings. One way to counter it is routing a fixed share of every increase, say 20%, straight into savings or a retirement plan before it gets absorbed.
This page is general information for people exploring our services and is not investment, tax, or legal advice or a recommendation for any specific person or situation. The examples are illustrative, are not based on actual clients, and are not a promise of results. Strategies such as S-corp elections, backdoor and mega-backdoor Roth contributions, equity-comp decisions, and deferred compensation depend on your specific situation and current law, so confirm the details with a qualified professional before acting. ClearMind Capital LLC is a registered investment adviser; registration does not imply a certain level of skill or training. Past performance is not indicative of future results.
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